Environmental contexts
Site types related to transitory human use such as highways and carparks, had more litter than areas with higher aesthetic or cultural value such as beaches, parks, and residential neighbourhoods. Higher levels of litter were found in economically and socially disadvantaged neighbourhoods. Using generalised additive model modelling of 17 653 surveys at 983 sites around Australia, we found that site type, land use, state, population, and socio-economic status had the strongest relationships (in decreasing order) with litter distribution. We found that debris decreased significantly, with a nearly 6% decrease over the decade. To fill this knowledge gap we analysed a national, designed survey dataset of litter in the environment from Keep Australia Beautiful (2007–2017). There exist only a few large-scale datasets with which such analyses can be conducted. Understanding the key factors associated with litter and mismanaged waste on land will help to predict where and how waste enters the environment, providing opportunities for low cost, effective interventions. There is a growing focus on this transboundary issue, and a corresponding increase in public and government awareness. All rights reserved.Plastic pollution is a critical environmental concern. These results suggest that the design of public policies and interventions to reduce suicide prevalence need to consider the local social and environmental contexts of target populations.Īge classes Cloudiness Drugs consumption Latitude Poverty Suicide rates Sunlight.Ĭopyright © 2022 Elsevier Ltd. Several strong differential impacts of environmental and socioeconomic variables on suicide rates depending on sex and age were detected. Our findings support high spatio-temporal variability in suicide rates in interaction with extrinsic factors. Alcohol and marijuana consumption showed no significant effect sizes.
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Regional poverty shows a major impact on men in age classes above 35 years old, an effect that was absent in women. We found that cloudiness has a positive effect on suicide rates in both men and women 24 years old or younger. Sex differences measured by the male/female suicide ratio shows a marked increase with age. For adolescent and adult women, we found a similar pattern with an increase in suicide rates at middle and high latitudes. Suicide rates in men increases in middle and high latitude regions and intermediate age classes. Overall, we found differential patterns of associations between suicide rates and explanatory variables by age and sex. We used zero-inflated negative binomial models to evaluate the spatio-temporal influence of each environmental and socioeconomic variable on suicide rates at each sex/age combination. Our dataset contains information about yearly suicides rates by sex and age from 2000 through 2017 along a 4000 km latitudinal gradient. In this study we aim to evaluate the associations between environmental and socioeconomic factors and demographically stratified suicide rates on large temporal and spatial scales.
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At the population level, the study of suicide rates and their environmental and social determinants allows us to disentangle some of these complexities and provides support for policy design and preventive actions.
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Suicide results from complex interactions between biological, psychological, and socioeconomic factors.